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Coronary artery ectasia
Coronary artery ectasia is a rare disease that occurs in only 0.3-4.9% of people in North America. Coronary artery ectasia is characterized by the enlargement of a coronary artery to 1.5 times or more than its normal diameter.〔Lin, C.T., Chen, C.W. , Lin, T.W., and Lin, C.L (2008) Coronary artery ectasia, ''Tzu Chi Med'', 20(14), 270-274〕 The disease is commonly asymptomatic and is normally discovered when performing tests for other conditions such as coronary artery disease, stable angina and other acute coronary syndromes.〔Hsu, P.C., Su, H.M., Lee, H.C., Juo, S.H., Lin, T.H., Voon, W.C., Lai, W.T., and Sheu, S.H.(2014)Coronary artery collateral circulation in patients of coronary ectasia with significant coronary artery disease.''PLOS ONE'',9(1), doi: 10.13.71〕〔Antoniadia, A.P., Chatzizisis, Y.S., and Giamoglou, G.P. (2008) Pathogenic mechanisms of coronary ectasia. ''Int J Cardio'', 130, 335-343〕 Coronary artery ectasia occurs 4 times more frequently in males than in females and in people who have risk factors for heart disease such as smokers.〔〔Hartnell, G.G., Parnell, B.M. and Pridie, R.B. (1985) Coronary artery ectasia: its prevalence and clinical significance in 4993 patients. ''Br Heart J'', 54, 392-405〕〔Li, J., Nie, S., Qian, X., Zeng, H., and Zhang, C. (2009) Chronic inflammatory status in patients with coronary artery ectasia. ''Cytokine'', 46, 61-64〕 While the disease is commonly found in patients with atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease, it can occur by itself and in both cases it can cause health problems. The disease can cause the heart tissue to be deprived of blood and die due to decreased blood flow, and blockages due to blood clots or spasms of the blood vessel.〔 This blood flow disruption can cause permanent damage to the muscle if the deprivation is prolonged. Coronary artery ectasia also increases the chance of developing large weak spots in the affected coronary arteries, or aneurysms that can rupture and result in death.〔 The damage can result in angina which is pain in the chest and is a common complaint in these patients.
==Diagnosis==
To discover the extent and severity of coronary artery ectasia there are a variety of diagnostic tools used. The most common method for discovering the disease is through angiography. Angiography is the procedure where a contrast dye is entered into the vessels and an x-ray is taken, which will allow the vessels to be seen on the x-ray.〔Aydn, M., Texn, I.O., Dogan, S.M., Yildirum, N., Arasli, M., Sayn, M. and Aktop, Z.(2009)The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in patients with isolated coronary artery ectasia.''Mediat Inflamm''.Doi:10.1155/2009/106/145〕 Using angiography clinicians are able to display the size, location and number of vessels affected by the disease.〔 Is can also be analyzed through other methods such as intravascular ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging.〔 Using these diagnostic methods, is has been discovered that the disease normally occurs most often in the right coronary artery, followed by the left anterior descending artery, and finally the left anterior circumflex artery.〔Lin, C.T., Chen, C.W. , Lin, T.W., and Lin, C.L (2008) Coronary artery ectasia, ''Tzu Chi Med'' 20(14), 270-274〕 Using these methods Coronary artery ectasia can be divided into four different types: Type 1¬→diffuse ectasia in 2-3 different vessels, Type 2¬→ diffuse disease in 1 vessel and local disease in another, Type 3¬→ diffuse disease in one vessel and Type 4¬→ localized or segmental ectasia.〔
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